Stack push/pop: O(1). Queue enqueue/dequeue: O(1). BFS/DFS: O(V+E).

1NF: atomic. 2NF: no partial dependency. 3NF: no transitive dependency. BCNF: determinant is candidate key.

Turnaround = Completion - Arrival. Waiting = Turnaround - Burst. Response = First start - Arrival.

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away: Physical to Application.

with open('data.txt', 'r') as f: data = f.read()

When you see an operator, pop second operand first into right side.

Check the left side of every FD. If it is not a candidate key, BCNF fails.